Worship & Praxis

The Carolingian liturgical reforms were a series of efforts by the Frankish rulers and their allies to standardize and improve the religious practices of their kingdom. They aimed to achieve doctrinal unity, harmony with Rome, and spiritual renewal. They were influenced by the missionary work of Boniface and the Gregorian tradition. The reforms began in the eighth century and continued until the ninth century.

That the “Christusanrede” in the liturgy of St. Gregory functions as a way to portray anti-Arian theology is confirmed by other elements of the text. One interesting example of this is in the final prayer of the liturgy, the Εὐχὴ τῆς κεφαλοκλισίας.

Nascent Christianity dealt with a number of growing pains, especially in how to express the relationship of the persons of the Trinity to one another. The difficulty in expressing this resulted in a number of major theological controversies, collectively known as the Christological controversies.